How to Network Computers Using a Hub
Using Simple Methods:
Instructions
1- To set up a network using a hub without internet access (Make sure all computers are off)
Take one end of the power adapter and plug it into the AC connector on the hub and the other end to the electrical outlet.
2- Turn on your computers.
Take one end of a straight-through network cable and plug into one of the numbered ports on the hub. Take the other end and plug it into the computer’s network jack. If you did it right, green lights should come on. Repeat steps above for the remaining computers.
3- To set up a network using a hub with router for internet access(Make sure all computers are off)
Take one end of the power adapter and plug into the AC connector on the hub and the other end to the electrical outlet.
always use straight-through network cable
Ethernal Port
Ethernal Port (RJ 45 SOCKET)
4- Take one end of a straight-through network cable and plug into the up-link port on the hub. Take the other end and of the cable and plug it into the up-link port on the router. If it only has one port, use the LAN port and set the switch to crossover located on the back of the router.
5- Turn on your computers.
Take one end of a straight-through network cable and plug it into one of the numbered ports on the hub (except the up-link port). Take the other end and plug it into the network connector on the computer. If you did it right, green lights should come on, as you connect each computer.
6- Repeat the above steps for the remaining computers.
To configure Windows for the wired connection
Make sure everything is connected and turned on. Click on Start, All Programs, Accessories, Communications, then click Network
Setup Wizard. The Network Setup Wizard opens.
7- Click next and the select a connection method
If you get any message other than ‘select a connection method’, you must check and make sure that all the cables are connected correctly. It will also say this if you have a wireless ethernet connection already installed in your computer. If this is the case simply click on ‘ignore disconnected network hardware’ and click on next.
8- If you are using the internet click on ‘this computer connects through the internet through another computer on my network or through a residential gateway’
If you are not using the internet click on ‘this computer belongs to a network that does not have internet connection’
9 - Click next. The message ‘your computer has multiple connections’ will appear if your computer has wired and wireless ethernet capabilities.
If it does select the ‘let me choose the connection to my network’
Click to select the Local Area Connection box, then click next.
10- Type a description of the computer in the computer description box
Type a computer name in the computer name box. Names must be 15 characters and can contain both numbers and letters. It will be used to identify your computer to other users on the network.
11- Click next and type a work group name in the work group name box. The name must be the same for all the computers on the network and the name must be different than any computer name on your network.
12- Click next to apply the network settings. Since you are setting up an Ethernet(Ethernal) network for the other computers, select Create a network disk so that you can use it on the other computers on your network.
Click on Finish. Each computer on your network must have a unique name but the same workgroup name.
13 To configure the TCP/IP protocol. This becomes the default when networking is set up Windows 7.To enter the IP address and subnet mask in Windows 7, go to Start, Control Panel, Network and Internet (in category view). Double click on network connections.
14- Right-click Local Area Connection, then click Properties. Check the Internet Protocol(TCP/IP) box under the ‘This connection uses the following items’. Click on properties, then the general tab ‘Obtain an IP address automatically’ assuming that your router automatically assigns IP addresses to computers on the network.
15- Click OK to close the Internet Protocol box, Click OK to close the Local Area connection dialog box, Click “x” to close the Network Connections window.
16- Repeat this procedure for every computer on your network. After you have configured all your IP addresses now you must configure your router. Once you are connected to a wired ethernet network you can then share access to the internet, share information and share printers.
Briefly explanation about a Motherboard
Introduction of a motherboard 45CMX
Explanation using FOXCONN 45CMX..
Introduction
In personal computers, a motherboard is the central printed circuit board (PCB) in many modern computers and holds many of the crucial components of the system, while providing connectors for other peripherals. The motherboard is sometimes alternatively known as the main board, system board, or, on Apple computers, the logic board..
A motherboard, like a backplane, provides the electrical connections by which the other components of the system communicate, but unlike a backplane, it also connects the central processing unit and hosts other subsystems and devices.
A typical desktop computer has its microprocessor, main memory, and other essential components connected to the motherboard. Other components such as external storage, controllers for video display and sound, and peripheral devices may be attached to the motherboard as plug-in cards or via cables, although in modern computers it is increasingly common to integrate some of these peripherals into the motherboard itself.
An important component of a motherboard is the microprocessor’s supporting chip set, which provides the supporting interfaces between the CPU and the various buses and external components. This chip-set determines, to an extent, the features and capabilities of the motherboard.
There are so many companies that made motherboards.
etc ASUS,FOXCONN,INTEL,GIGABYTE,TOSHIBA(Laptops Only)
Central Processing unit(CPU)
Socket Of the Quad Core Processor
The central processing unit (CPU) is the portion of a computer system that carries out the instructions of a computer program, and is the primary element carrying out the computer’s functions. The central processing unit carries out each instruction of the program in sequence, to perform the basic arithmetical, logical, and input/output operations of the system. The form, design and implementation of CPUs have changed dramatically since the earliest examples, but their fundamental operation remains much the same.
Early CPUs were custom-designed as a part of a larger, sometimes one-of-a-kind, computer. However, this costly method of designing custom CPUs for a particular application has largely given way to the development of mass-produced processors that are made for one or many purposes. This standardization trend generally began in the era of discrete transistor mainframes and minicomputers and has rapidly accelerated with the popularization of the integrated circuit (IC). The IC has allowed increasingly complex CPUs to be designed and manufactured to tolerances on the order of nanometers. Both the miniaturization and standardization of CPUs have increased the presence of these digital devices in modern life far beyond the limited application of dedicated computing machines. Modern microprocessors appear in everything from automobiles to cell phones and children toys.
Golden platted pins : golden plated pins were using to transfer the voltage for a high frequency between the C.P.U and motherboard…..
How to eject the leaver
ATX Power Slot
ATX (Advanced Technology Extended) is a motherboard form factor specification developed by Intel in 1995 to improve on previous de facto standards like the AT form factor. It was the first big change in computer case, motherboard, and power supply design in many years, improving standardization and interchangeability of parts. The specification defines the key mechanical dimensions, mounting point, I/O panel, power and connector interfaces between a computer case, a motherboard, and a power supply. With the improvements it offered, including lower costs, ATX overtook AT completely as the default form factor for new systems within a few years. ATX addressed many of the AT form factor’s annoyances that had frustrated system builders. Other standards for smaller boards (including microATX, FlexATX and mini-ITX) usually keep the basic rear layout but reduce the size of the board and the number of expansion slot positions. In 2003, Intel announced the BTX standard, intended as a replacement for ATX.
South Bridge And North Bridge
South Bridge:
The southbridge is one of the two chips in the core logic chipset on a personal computer (PC) motherboard, the other being the northbridge. The southbridge typically implements the “slower” capabilities of the motherboard in a northbridge/southbridge chipset computer architecture. In Intel chipset systems the southbridge is named “Input/Output Controller Hub (ICH)”
The southbridge can usually be distinguished from the northbridge by not being directly connected to the CPU. Rather, the northbridge ties the southbridge to the CPU. Through the use of controller integrated channel circuitry, the northbridge can directly link signals from the I/O units to the CPU for data control and access.Because the southbridge is further removed from the CPU, it is given responsibility for the slower devices on a typical microcomputer. A southbridge usually works with several different northbridges, but these two kinds of chip must be designed to work together; there is no industry-wide standard for interoperability between different core logic chipset designs. Traditionally the interface between a northbridge and southbridge was simply the PCI bus, but because this created a performance bottleneck, most current chipsets use a different (often proprietary) interface with higher performance.
North Bridge
The name is derived from drawing the architecture in the fashion of a map. The CPU would be at the top of the map comparable to due north on most general purpose geographical maps. The CPU would be connected to the chipset via a fast bridge (the northbridge) located north of other system devices as drawn. The northbridge would then be connected to the rest of the chipset via a slow bridge (the southbridge) located south of other system devices as drawn.The northbridge plays an important part in how far a computer can be overclocked, as its frequency is used as a baseline for the CPU to establish its own operating frequency. This chip’s temperature typically increases as processor speed becomes faster, requiring increased cooling measures. There is a limit to CPU overclocking, as digital circuits are limited by physical factors such as , therefore most overclocking applications have software limitations which limit the multiplier and external clock setting.
BIOS/CMOS
CMOS Technology
CMOS technology is used in microprocessors, microcontrollers, static RAM, and other digital logic circuits. CMOS technology is also used for several analog circuits such as image sensors, data converters, and highly integrated transceivers for many types of communicationCMOS is also sometimes referred to as complementary-symmetry metal–oxide–semiconductor (or COS-MOS). The words “complementary-symmetry” refer to the fact that the typical digital design style with CMOS uses complementary and symmetrical pairs of p-type and n-type metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs) for logic functions.
IOS software is built into the PC, and is the first code run by a PC when powered on (‘boot firmware’). The primary function of the BIOS is to load and start an operating system. When the PC starts up, the first job for the BIOS is to initialize and identify system devices such as the video display card, keyboard and mouse, hard disk, CD/DVD drive and other hardware. The BIOS then locates software held on a peripheral device (designated as a ‘boot device’), such as a hard disk or a CD, and loads and executes that software, giving it control of the PC.This process is known as booting, or booting up, which is short for bootstrapping.
BIOS software is stored on a non-volatile ROMchip built into the system on the mother board. The BIOS software is specifically designed to work with the particular type of system in question, including having a knowledge of the workings of various devices that make up the complementary chipset of the system. In modern computer systems, the BIOS chip’s contents can be rewritten allowing BIOS software to be upgraded.
Sound Chipset(Onboard)
This is a realtek sound chipset(ecd657884)AC97 New software version.
A sound card (also known as an audio card) is an internal computer expansion card that facilitates the input and output of audio signals to and from a computer under control of computer programs.
This appelation is often confusingly applied to external audio interfaces that use software to generate sounds as opposed to using hardware inside the PC. These software based devices are better known as Audio Interfaces.
Typical uses of sound cards include providing the audio component for multimedia applications such as music composition, editing video or audio, presentation, education, and entertainment (games)and video projection. Many computers have sound capabilities built in, while others require additional expansion cards to provide for audio capability.
AVALABE ONLY FOR THE MOTHERBOARDS WITCH CONTAINS ONBOARD SOUND..
S-ATA Port
Serial ATA (SATA or Serial Advanced Technology Attachment) is a computer bus interface for connecting host bus adapters to mass storage devices such as hard disk drives and optical drives. Serial ATA was designed to replace the older ATA (AT Attachment) standard (also known as EIDE), offering several advantages over the older parallel ATA (PATA) interface: reduced cable-bulk and cost (7 conductors versus 40), native hot swapping faster data transfer through higher signalling rates, and more efficient transfer through an (optional) I/O queuing protocol.
SATA host-adapters and devices communicate via a high-speed serial cable over two pairs of conductors. In contrast, parallel ATA (the redesignation for the legacy ATA specifications) used a 16-bit wide data bus with many additional support and control signals, all operating at much lower frequency. To ensure backward compatibility with legacy ATA software and applications, SATA uses the same basic ATA and ATAPI command-set as legacy ATA devices.
**”PATA remains widely used in industrial and embedded applications that use CompactFlash storage, though even here, the next CFast storage standard will be based on SATA”**
IDE Port
Parallel ATA (PATA), originally ATA, is an interface standard for the connection of storage devices such as hard disks, solid-state drives, floppy drives, and Optical disc drives in computers. The standard is maintained by X3/INCITS committee It uses the underlying AT Attachment (ATA) and AT Attachment Packet Interface (ATAPI) standards.
The Parallel ATA standard is the result of a long history of incremental technical development, which began with the original AT Attachment interface, developed for use in early PC AT equipment. The ATA interface itself evolved in several stages from Western Digital’s original Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE) interface. As a result, many near-synonyms for ATA/ATAPI and its previous incarnations are still in common informal use. After the introduction of Serial ATA in 2003, the original ATA was retroactively renamed Parallel ATA.
Parallel ATA cables have a maximum allowable length of only 18 in (457 mm). Because of this length limit the technology normally appears as an internal computer storage interface. For many years ATA provided the most common and the least expensive interface for this application. It has largely been replaced by Serial ATA (SATA) in newer systems.
PCI-Express Port
PCI Express (Peripheral Component Interconnect Express), officially abbreviated as PCIe (though generally written as PCI-E), is a computer expansion card standard designed to replace the older PCI, PCI-X, and AGP standards. PCIe 3.0 is the latest standard for expansion cards that is available on mainstream personal computers PCI Express is used in consumer, server, and industrial applications, as a motherboard-level interconnect (to link motherboard-mounted peripherals) and as an expansion card interface for add-in boards. A key difference between PCIe and earlier buses is a topology based on point-to-point serial links, rather than a shared parallel bus architecture.
The PCIe electrical interface is also used in a variety of other standards, most notably the ExpressCard laptop expansion card interface.
Conceptually, the PCIe bus can be thought of as a high-speed serial replacement of the older (parallel) PCI/PCI-X bus.At the software level, PCIe preserves compatibility with PCI; a PCIe device can be configured and used in legacy applications and operating systems which have no direct knowledge of PCIe’s newer features (though PCIe cards cannot be inserted into PCI slots). In terms of bus protocol, PCIe communication is encapsulated in packets. The work of packetizing and depacketizing data and status-message traffic is handled by the transaction layer of the PCIe port (described later). Radical differences in electrical signaling and bus protocol require the use of a different mechanical form factor and expansion connectors (and thus, new motherboards and new adapter boards).
PCI Port
PCI (PCI is an initialism formed from Peripheral Component Interconnect part of the PCI Local Bus standard and often shortened to PCI) is a computer bus for attaching hardware devices in a computer. These devices can take either the form of an integrated circuit fitted onto the motherboard itself, called a planar device in the PCI specification, or an expansion card that fits into a slot. The PCI Local Bus is common in modern PCs, where it has displaced ISA and VESA Local Bus as the standard expansion bus, and it also appears in many other computer types. Despite the availability of faster interfaces such as PCI-X and PCI Express, conventional PCI remains a very common interface.The PCI specification covers the physical size of the bus (including the size and spacing of the circuit board edge electrical contacts), electrical characteristics, bus timing, and protocols..
RAM SLOT
Random-access memory (RAM) is a form of computer data storage. Today, it takes the form of integrated circuits that allow stored data to be accessed in any order (that is, at random). “Random” refers to the idea that any piece of data can be returned in a constant time, regardless of its physical location and whether it is related to the previous piece of data.
Modern types of writable RAM generally store a bit of data in either the state of a flip-flop, as in SRAM (static RAM), or as a charge in a capacitor (or transistor gate), as in DRAM (dynamic RAM), EPROM, EEPROM and Flash. Some types have circuitry to detect and/or correct random faults called memory errors in the stored data, using parity bits or error correction codes. RAM of the read-only type, ROM, instead uses a metal mask to permanently enable/disable selected transistors, instead of storing a charge in them. Of special consideration is SIMM and DIMM memory modules.
** : This Slots is DDR2 type… There are variable types of ram types.. SD,DDR,DDR2,RIM.
Network Port
Transport Layer protocols, such as the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), the User Datagram Protocol (UDP), specify a source and destination port number in their packet headers. A port number is a 16-bit unsigned integer, thus ranging from 0 to 65535. A process associates its input or output channel file descriptors (sockets) with a port number and an IP address, a process known as binding, to send and receive data via the network. The operating system’s networking software has the task of transmitting outgoing data from all application ports onto the network, and forwarding arriving network packets to a process by matching the packets IP address…
I hope this will be very helpful to your DCCN exam… Wish you all the best..
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http://www.simulationexams.com/exam-details/aplus-essentials-220-801.htm
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COMPTIA A + TEST CENTER
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